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Germany

Low Risk

Western Europe · High income · Pop. 83,491,249

ND-GAIN Vulnerability: 0.301 (2022)

CO2 per capita

7.08t CO2e

Source: World Bank WDI (2023)

GDP

$4.57T($54.8k/capita)

Source: World Bank (2023)

Renewable electricity

53.3%

↑ +18.0pp (5yr)

Source: Ember (2023)

Vulnerability

0.301ND-GAIN index

Source: ND-GAIN (2022)

Emissions Trajectory

Germany — CO₂ per capita (2000–2023)

Production-based
03691215200020042008201220162020t CO₂e/capitaParis7.1t

Source: World Bank WDI · EN.GHG.CO2.PC.CE.AR5

World Bank vs Climate TRACE (indexed)

WB CO₂/capitaClimate TRACE GHG
90120150201520162017201820192020202120222023Index (2015=100)

Source: World Bank WDI + Climate TRACE (indexed, 2015=100)

Germany's emissions grew at -0.69%/yr pre-Paris (2000–2014), then -3.75%/yr post-Paris (2015–2023) — a -3.00pp shift. This ranks 3rd largest deceleration among tracked countries. Per capita emissions reached 7.1 t in 2023 (-33.2% vs 2000).

Pre-Paris vs Post-Paris CAGR

Pre-Paris vs Post-Paris Emissions GrowthCO₂ per capita CAGR (%) — 20 countriesPre-Paris (2000–2014)Post-Paris (2015–2023)-4%-3%-2%-1%+1%+2%+3%+4%+5%+6%+7%0%South Korea +1.62%-1.25% KORUnited States -1.74%-1.87% USAGermany -1.48%-2.41% DEU-0.93ppBrazil +2.08%+0.85% BRANigeria +3.92%+2.15% NGABangladesh +6.52%+3.28% BGDDeceleration (post < pre)Acceleration (post > pre)Faded = non-pilotvisualclimate.org

Source: World Bank WDI · EN.GHG.CO2.PC.CE.AR5

Energy Transition

Electricity Generation Mix (2023)

Germany — Energy Flow 2023Electricity generation mix · carbon outputINPUTGRIDOUTPUT45%53%Fossil45.3%Renewable53.3%Nuclear1.5%ElectricityCO2 Output45.3%Clean Output54.7%Source: Ember Global Electricity Review 2023 | visualclimate.org
Donut view
53%45%Renewable53%
  • Renewable53.3%
  • Fossil45.3%
  • Nuclear & Other1.5%

Source: Ember Global Electricity Review (2023)

Transition Progress

Renewable Share

53.3%

↑ +18.0pp over 5 years

Fossil Fuel Share

45.3%

Nuclear & Other

1.5%

Germany's renewable share (53.3%) ranks 1st in the group, adding +19.2pp over 5 years. Leading the group in renewable transition speed.

Economic Decoupling

GDP vs CO₂ Growth

GDP per capitaCO₂ per capita
Decoupling Score: +18.97
100150200250200020042008201220162020Index (2000=100)22967

Source: World Bank WDI (GDP + CO₂ per capita), indexed to 2000=100

Germany shows strong decoupling. GDP grew faster than emissions by +4.78pp/yr since 2015 (3rd among tracked countries). The divergence between green (GDP) and red (CO₂) lines shows economic growth is increasingly less carbon-intensive.

Climate Vulnerability

Vulnerability vs Readiness (Pilot Countries, 2023)

0.2710.4480.6250.2220.5010.78Vulnerability →Readiness →South KoreaUnited StatesGermanyBrazilNigeriaBangladesh

Source: ND-GAIN Country Index (2023). Lower-left = ideal (low vulnerability, high readiness)

Germany ranks 2nd in climate readiness (score: 0.682) among pilot countries. Vulnerability stands at 0.301 — in the lower range, indicating relatively stronger resilience. Fossil fuel dependency (45.3%) remains a key driver.

Key Vulnerabilities

  • ▸에너지 집약 산업 구조의 탈탄소화 과제 (철강, 화학, 자동차)
  • ▸극단적 열파 및 가뭄 빈도 증가 (2018, 2019, 2022년 기록적 열파)
  • ▸탈원전 정책으로 인한 전력망 안정성 및 전환 리스크
  • ▸삼림 병충해 및 산불 위험 증가 (기후변화로 가문비나무 고사)

Strengths

  • ▸재생에너지 전력 비중 54.4%로 빠른 에너지전환 (Energiewende) 진행
  • ▸1인당 에너지 사용량 지속 감소 (3,659 → 2,928 kg oil eq, 20% 절감)
  • ▸높은 기후 적응 준비도 (ND-GAIN 준비도 0.68, 6개국 중 2위)
Assessment (medium risk): 독일은 에너지전환(Energiewende) 정책을 선도하는 EU의 핵심 기후 행동 국가입니다. 2023년 재생에너지 전력 비중이 54.4%에 도달했으며, 전력 탄소 집약도는 2018년 454.6에서 2023년 365.0 gCO2/kWh로 크게 개선되었습니다. 1인당 GHG 배출량도 9.0에서 7.1 mt CO2eq로 감소하였고, 에너지 소비 효율도 꾸준히 향상되고 있습니다. ND-GAIN 취약성 지수 0.30은 낮은 편이며 준비도 0.68로 기후 적응 역량이 높습니다. 다만 탈탄소화 과제는 여전히 남아 있으며, 철강·화학·자동차 등 에너지 집약 산업의 구조 전환이 가장 큰 도전입니다. 탈원전 결정으로 인한 일시적 가스 의존도 증가와 에너지 안보 취약성도 주목됩니다. GDP 대비 탄소 집약도(0.184 → 0.129)와 탈동조화 지수의 지속적 개선은 독일이 경제 성장과 탄소 배출 분리를 성공적으로 달성하고 있음을 보여줍니다.

Data Sources

Emissions (5)
IndicatorSourceYears
Carbon intensity of GDPDerived: EN.GHG.CO2.PC.CE.AR5 / NY.GDP.PCAP.CD * 10002000–2023
Emissions intensityderived2000–2023
CO2 per capitaWorld Bank WDI2000–2023
Decoupling indexDerived: GDP growth% - CO2 growth%2001–2023
Total GHG (absolute)Climate TRACE2015–2023
Energy (5)
IndicatorSourceYears
Fossil electricity %Ember/OWID2000–2023
Carbon intensityEmber/OWID2000–2022
Renewable electricity %Ember/OWID2000–2023
Energy use per capitaWorld Bank WDI2000–2023
Energy transition momentumDerived: EMBER.RENEWABLE.PCT(t) - EMBER.RENEWABLE.PCT(t-5)2005–2022
Economy (1)
IndicatorSourceYears
GDP per capitaWorld Bank WDI2000–2023
Climate Risk (4)
IndicatorSourceYears
ND-GAIN VulnerabilityND-GAIN2000–2022
Forest areaWorld Bank WDI2000–2022
PM2.5 air pollutionWorld Bank WDI2000–2020
ND-GAIN ReadinessND-GAIN2000–2023
Derived (29)
IndicatorSourceYears
OWID.OIL_CO2OWID CO22000–2023
OWID.NITROUS_OXIDEOWID CO22000–2023
OWID.CEMENT_CO2OWID CO22000–2023
OWID.SHARE_GLOBAL_CO2OWID CO22000–2023
OWID.ENERGY_PER_CAPITAOWID CO22000–2023
OWID.NITROUS_OXIDE_PER_CAPITAOWID CO22000–2023
OWID.CO2OWID CO22000–2023
OWID.ENERGY_PER_GDPOWID CO22000–2022
SP.POP.TOTLWorld Bank WDI2000–2023
OWID.CONSUMPTION_CO2OWID CO22000–2023
OWID.GHG_PER_CAPITAOWID CO22000–2023
OWID.GAS_CO2OWID CO22000–2023
OWID.TEMPERATURE_CHANGE_FROM_N2OOWID CO22000–2023
OWID.CO2_PER_CAPITAOWID CO22000–2023
OWID.METHANE_PER_CAPITAOWID CO22000–2022
OWID.CONSUMPTION_CO2_PER_CAPITAOWID CO22000–2023
OWID.FLARING_CO2OWID CO22000–2023
OWID.TOTAL_GHGOWID CO22000–2023
OWID.CO2_PER_GDPOWID CO22000–2022
OWID.METHANEOWID CO22000–2023
OWID.TEMPERATURE_CHANGE_FROM_CO2OWID CO22000–2022
OWID.TEMPERATURE_CHANGE_FROM_CH4OWID CO22000–2023
OWID.CO2_INCLUDING_LUCOWID CO22000–2023
OWID.CUMULATIVE_CO2OWID CO22000–2023
OWID.TEMPERATURE_CHANGE_FROM_GHGOWID CO22000–2023
OWID.TOTAL_GHG_EXCLUDING_LUCFOWID CO22000–2022
OWID.SHARE_GLOBAL_CUMULATIVE_CO2OWID CO22000–2023
OWID.COAL_CO2OWID CO22000–2023
DERIVED.CLIMATE_CLASSVisualClimate derived2023–2023
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